Pearl Sydenstricker Buck
(塞珍珠)
(1892-1973)
Taking a Stand in History
It was the year 1892, one of America’s best selling authors was born. Pearl Buck was more than just an author, even a great one. In her lifetime, she was recognized as a noted humanitarian, particularly concerned with the rights of women and children. During her time she was one of the first to write about China. Her childhood in China and birth in America might confuse her nationality, but she said, “I feel more Chinese than American.”
From a baby born in Hillsbough, West Virginia and raised in China, Pearl Buck grew to become a Nobel Prize for Literature winner, the most successful writer to promote cross-culture understanding between Asia and the United States during her lifetime, and a noted advocate for human rights.
Pearl Bark’s parents were Christian missionaries, stationed in Zhenjiang, China. They brought Pearl to China when she was only three month old. Since then, Pearl lived most of the first forty years of her life in China. During her 40 years of living in China, Pearl Buck was unlike other Americans of her generation because China was her world and America was like a dream. She loved China and stated in her speech, “China is more than a part of me. She is in my heart and soul and mind. I was fed by her foods and drank of her waters. Born in my own country, the United States of America, of Pre-Revolutionary ancestry, it was China who nurtured me.” She spent her childhood and adolescent years learning about China. At age 15, Pearl Buck believed that China is an ancient civilization with a rich history, culture, and tradition that deserved to be closely examined and respected. The American Girls she met at Mrs. Jewell’s Boarding School bred on the notion that whites were more superior and the Chinese just seemed less human. When she told those girls the similarity between Buddhism and Christianity, they reported her to Mrs. Jewell as a heretic. She was punished with a strong dose of religion. It was because of her experiences in the boarding school that strengthened her belief about Chinese culture.
Pearl Buck was a pioneer who appreciated Chinese life and culture as few Westerners had done before, and she shared her provocative insights with the world. Her most famous novel, The Good Earth, had been awarded with the Pulitzer Prize, American Best seller list, and the William Dean Howells’ Medal for the most distinguished fictional novel in 1935. The Good Earth turned into a Hollywood Blockbuster film in 1933. To study the impact of Pearl S. Buck, a sociologist named Isaacson did a survey asking Americans where their Chinese impression came from between the years 1931 to the mid-1950s. Two-thirds of people surveyed said their knowledge about China was from the books of Pearl S. Buck, or more specifically, from "The Good Earth". This was a unique achievement in United States history because Americans had never been so inspired by a single book. The Good Earth was translated into more than 30 foreign languages. She had also written dozens of other fictional and nonfiction books because they explained China as a country with rich history, culture, and traditions as compared to the stereotypes most Americans knew at the time. Pearl Buck’s countless novels included the perspectives of women who lived and experienced everyday hardships. As a result of her writing, Pearl Buck had changed the perspective of how Americans saw China. Pearl Buck’s writing led her to become the first American women to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. The Nobel Prize for literature council stated, “For her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and her biographical masterpieces.”
Pearl Buck loved China, but she was deeply concerned about traditional Chinese attitudes toward women. Foot-binding was then a common practice on girls, because it was believed the women with small feet were beautiful. Women were treated as ‘beasts of burden’ by their farmer husbands and as servants by their sons. Pearl Buck’s once worked at a charity called the Door of Hope in Shanghai and heard lots of horrible stories from the girls supported by the charity. For example, Pearl heard of how the slave girls’ mistresses would torture them with cigarettes and burning coals. Pearl Buck’s commitment to women’s rights was obviously originated from her experience and observations in China.
Beyond her career as a famous author, Pearl Buck became a devoted human rights activist and founder of an international adoption agency. She believed that "the test of a civilization is the way that it cares for its helpless members."
Buck was a vocal supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment during a time when most organized women’s groups opposed it. As a novelist she gave voice to the experiences of women in different cultures, and as child welfare activist she showed particular concern for female children, who were among the especially vulnerable.
She had taken an early leadership in the Urban League and the NAACP. Pearl Buck was also dedicated to the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.
Pearl Buck’s firm belief in the equal dignity and value of all human beings and her commitment to empower and aid the most vulnerable and helpless members of every society inspired her to campaign for minority’s rights. She wrote a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to demand equal treatment for African Americans and Indians.
Pearl Buck ran a national and political campaign against the notorious Chinese exclusion laws, which prohibited Chinese to enter the United States. She was also the founder of the East and West Association which was responsible for improving mutual understanding Asia and America.
Pearl also defended Indian freedom against England. She published an article in the Asia magazine. She used the example that India pressed into the service of an allegedly democratic government, but no democracy was given to them. The British imprisoned the foremost leader for Indian democracy, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Years after working at the Door of Hope, Pearl returned to the United States and created her own Charity. This charity was the first international adoption agency called Pearl S. Buck International. A branch of Pearl S. Buck International is called The Welcome House, which was dedicated to help illegitimate children left behind by U.S. Servicemen serving in Asia during World War II. So far the Welcome House has placed more than 5,000 Asian children in American homes in forty five years. Pearl Buck once stated that the purpose of her foundation was to help children suffered by injustices and prejudice because of their birth, are not permitted to enjoy the educational, social, and civil privileges.
Pearl S. Buck International has another branch called the Opportunity House. The Opportunity House has helped Asian children in five countries. Not only has it placed more than 5000 Asian children in American homes for 45 years, but it had impacted 20,561 children. These impacted children received medical care, school support, scholarships given, and HIV/AIDS vaccines given. The 2006 to 2007 Pearl S. Buck International report stated that 85 children were placed with American families in one year. The report also stated that 1,908 children and families received services in a year. Pearl Buck once said, “Whatever way you choose to help, let it be now, I beg you. The years between birth and adulthood are swift and few, the earlier a child can be helped, the better his chance for a normal life.”
From a child born in a missionary family, Pearl Buck grew up to be the founder of the first international adoption agency, a Nobel Prize for literature winner, and an author that introduced Asian characters to Western readers to reduce stereotypes on Asia. Her international adoption agency continues to help China, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines. She has been recognized in society today as the first person to write about China and is also known as a translated writer (in more than 60 languages). Her novels are read by students in schools around the country and recognized with Oprah’s Book club. Pearl Sydenstricker Buck died March 6, 1973 in Danby, Vermont. Her ashes remain on her estate at Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Her Green Hill farm was bequeathed the Pearl S. Buck International in 1964. Today her International Adoption agency continues her legacy.
